Feeding an Infant with a Cleft Lip/Palate in Dallas, TX
For parents of children with a cleft lip/palate, nothing is quite as stressful as feeding. Here at the International Craniofacial Institute, we provide a well-rounded approach to treatment that includes patient education and support during every phase of treatment, and we work with each family to develop a feeding plan that’s right for their infant.
While parents often request that the cleft be repaired soon after birth and before the child goes home, surgery on the newborn is difficult because it is dangerous and usually results in a less-than-optimal repair. Therefore, most cleft lip and palate treatment centers prefer to wait to perform the initial lip repair until the child is approximately three months old. There are several reasons for this delay.
First, when the child weighs between ten to thirteen pounds and is healthy and vigorous, he or she is better able to tolerate the anesthesia and surgery. Second, the waiting period allows ample time to thoroughly diagnose the extent and characteristics of the problem and any additional associated problems that might be present, as well as to adequately plan an immediate and long-term course of treatment. Third, the child at three months of age is significantly larger than the newborn which facilitates the technical requirements of the surgery and results in a much better aesthetic and functional outcome.
During the period before surgery, parents are generally concerned with the problems of feeding and the issue of bonding. A number of feeding approaches are available to the parents of children with clefts. Some trial and error may be necessary for finding the method that works best for you.
Nearly all babies experience some weight fluctuation after birth. Your pediatrician can help you determine the significance of the weight fluctuation and the need to change or supplement your child’s diet. A rule of thumb that may be helpful is that a child should take about three to four ounces of milk or formula in about thirty minutes of feeding.
Bonding is an emotional and psychological process based on love, trust, and interdependency that takes place between the mother (or parents) and the child. It establishes the basis of the parent-child relationship.
Breastfeeding has been touted as playing an important role in facilitating bonding. This has to do in part with the physical, as well as psychological, interdependency of breastfeeding. However, successful, effective bonding is not dependent on breastfeeding and can take place when other methods of feeding are used. The important thing is that the child be held and nurtured. Holding your baby during feeding, allowing ample time for feeding, allowing the child to play and talking to your baby are ways the maternal-child bonding can be ensured.
It is a myth that all babies with a cleft are unable to breast feed. While some babies may not have the ability to suckle sufficiently to breast feed, others do. If you have made a commitment to breast feed your child, the presence of the child’s cleft should not deter you from trying.
Remember that many mothers with normal children have difficulty learning to breastfeed. Some of the problems all mothers must solve in learning to breastfeed are how to hold the baby, how to place the breast nipple in the baby’s mouth, waiting for the breasts to become engorged with milk, knowing how much milk the child has taken, etc. For the mother of a child with a cleft, it is tempting to attribute early problems to the cleft when they actually may be problems all mothers face during the learning process.
The principle problem of breastfeeding a baby with a cleft is in obtaining enough suction to pull milk from the breast. It is easiest for the child to suckle when the breasts are fully engorged with milk.
Sometimes the breasts do not fully fill with milk until several days after the delivery. If this is the case, you may wish to pump your breasts regularly until there is ample milk and then try again.
However, if your breasts are fully engorged with milk but your child cannot suckle, you may need to bottle or cup feed. Some mothers who feed their babies with a bottle or cup make their breast milk available by manually expressing the milk with a breast pump.
Most children with cleft lip and/or palate have been successfully fed by using bottles or cups. There are a number of adapted bottles and devices that increase the ease and safety of feeding. Some of these devices are the cross-cut nipples, the neck feeding device, and the Breck feeder. There are also nipples with attached flaps or wings that prevent leakage from the baby’s cleft lip. Our experienced staff will help you choose the device that best meets your baby’s needs.
When feeding your baby, cradle him or her in your arms in a semi-sitting position with the infant’s body upright and tilted slightly backward. This position helps the child swallow and also prevents the flow of formula or milk into the nose. The child with a cleft may swallow more air when feeding than a child without a cleft. Therefore, he or she should be burped often.
Some parents worry that their infant will choke during feeding. Choking is usually caused by milk striking the back of the throat and is often the result of feeding too rapidly. Be sure the nipple opening is just large enough to allow the milk to flow freely with very little pressure against it. If milk pours out when the bottle is inverted, the opening is probably too large.
Many children with cleft lip and/or palate feed slowly. Therefore, it is important to allow appropriate time during feeding. However, if too much time is taken because of inadequate technique, the infant may tire of eating before an adequate amount is obtained. Please consult our feeding video or ask for additional help if your baby is not gaining weight.
Weight Gain
In general, your child should double his or her birth weight during the first two and a half to three months. The growth and development of your child will be monitored carefully by your pediatrician. If the baby does not gain weight as rapidly as desired, nutritional supplementation or other measures may be necessary.
Whenever possible, we prefer to delay the initial surgical treatment of the cleft until the child weighs at least ten pounds. A weight of twelve to thirteen pounds is desirable before treating a child with bilateral cleft. This weight is usually achieved between three to six months of age. In general, it is desirable to perform the initial surgery during this time.
Other considerations in assessing your child’s readiness for surgery are his or her general health and a hemoglobin count of greater than ten. Hemoglobin is the component of red blood cells that carries oxygen to body tissues.
Post-surgical Feeding
Immediately after surgery and for about three weeks after, your baby will not be able to be bottle or breastfed because of possible damage to the lip and/or palate. During this time, cup feeding or an appropriate substitute is preferred. This will be discussed in the “Postoperative Care” section.
Cup Feeding the Infant with Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Reasons for Cup Feeding
- Preference of surgeon
- Lack of ability to suck with cleft palate
- Sucking nipple (bottle or pacifier) will damage suture line of lip after surgery
- Sucking will damage suture line of palatoplasty
Reasons to Cup Feed Only
- Bilateral cleft patient will have 3 to 4 surgeries in the first year of life.
- Breastfeeding must be discontinued for at least 3 weeks after surgery, causing possible breast engorgement for mother and decrease in milk supply.
- Child must be cup feeding before palate repair.
- Changing from bottle to cup can be upsetting for mother and baby.
Providing a Nurturing Experience with Cup Feeding
- Encourage attachment to the object other than the nipple.
- Give infant soft toy or blanket to hold during feeding time.
- Hold the infant close to the breast.
- Select a comfortable position for feeding.
- Speak softly to infant during feeding times.
- Allow ample time and provide a comfortable, relaxed atmosphere during feeding time.
Teaching Cup Feeding
- Prepare four 3-ounce paper cups, using soft moldable Dixie cups or a similar brand.
- Pour 1 ounce of formula or breast milk into each cup.
- Give the baby a soft object to hold.
- Place towel under baby’s neck.
- When you are ready to begin feeding, cradle the baby in your arms in a semi-sitting posture with the infant’s body upright and tilted slightly backward. This position both helps the child swallow and prevents the flow of formula or milk into the nose.
- Pour the formula onto the tongue slowly until the infant swallows.
- Listen for sucking sounds.
- The child with a cleft may swallow air when feeding and should be burped often.
- Continue feeding all of the formula or breast milk.
- Hold the infant close and talk to the infant while you are feeding them.
- Feed every three hours or as recommended by your pediatrician.
NOTES: Some parents worry that their infant will choke during feeding. Choking is usually caused by milk striking the back of the throat and is often the result of feeding too rapidly.
Adding rice cereal to the formula is sometimes helpful. This should be done gradually.
A thicker formula will make it easier for the baby to swallow the formula, thus losing less of each feeding and reducing the amount of choking.
Why Choose International Craniofacial Institute?
Since its founding by Dr. Kenneth Salyer in 1971, the International Craniofacial Institute has gained worldwide recognition as being one of the most advanced facilities in the treatment of craniofacial disorders. The complexity of the field means we understand our patients have an array of dental, medical, psychosocial, and surgical needs. To address these issues, our team consists of many dedicated professionals who represent more than 15 disciplines of specialty. Our physicians have successfully treated more than 17,000 patients from more than 30 different countries. We additionally train surgeons from many world locations in the advanced techniques required for craniofacial diagnosis, surgical correction, and repair.
If you have a child or another family member who is suffering from a genetic syndrome or has a cleft lip, cleft palate, or craniofacial complication, the staff at the International Craniofacial Institute can help. Contact us today to talk with the doctors and staff about your options and how we can help.